Hygiene and Disease in Palestine in Modern and in Biblical Times.1
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چکیده
THE recent excavation of many ancient sites in Palestine enables us to form a fair, though necessarily an incomplete, conception of the hygienic conditions of ancient times. From the earliest housedwellers down to at least the "Greek" period, the streets and houses of even the most important towns of Palestine resembled those of its modern villages. The streets were very narrow and crooked, laid down without system, and with no regard to healt~ ; the houses were loosely built, with small rooms, mud roofs, and hardened mud floors. The comparatively rapid accumulation of rubbish over these sites from century to century suggests that the streets were kept in a chronic condition of neglect as they are to-day-in summer choked with dust, in winter almost impassable with mud. There is an entire absence of drainage of any sort; the scanty channels which have been laid bare in some sites are all apparently for conducting water from the roofs to the rain-filled cisterns. :Most towns were abundantly supplied with cisterns, e,·en those which had good natural sources of water in the neighbourhood. It is a revelation of what the water from these cisterns must have been like when we find how frequently they contained, while still in use, bodies of animals and human beings. Under such general conditions a degree of health is possible only when life is lived in the open, outside the inhabited area. The presence, however, of great walls, with few and well-guarded gates, suggests that not
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